Nobel Prize in Medicine

Laureates

Year	Laureate[A]		Country[B]	Rationale[C]
1901		Emil Adolf von Behring	Germany	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[9]
1902		Ronald Ross	United Kingdom	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[10]
1903		Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark	"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[11]
1904		Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	Russia	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[12]
1905		Robert Koch	Germany	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[13]
1906		Camillo Golgi	Italy	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[14]
		Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain
1907		Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	France	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[15]
1908		Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[16]
		Paul Ehrlich	Germany
1909		Emil Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[17]
1910		Albrecht Kossel	Germany	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[18]
1911		Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[19]
1912		Alexis Carrel	France	"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[20]
1913		Charles Richet	France	"[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[21]
1914		Robert Bárány	Austria	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[22]
1915	Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919		Jules Bordet	Belgium	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[23]
1920		Schack August Steenberg Krogh	Denmark	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[24]
1921	Not awarded
1922		Archibald Vivian Hill	United Kingdom	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[25]
		Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[25]
1923		Frederick Grant Banting	Canada	"for the discovery of insulin"[26]
		John James Richard Macleod	Canada
1924		Willem Einthoven	The Netherlands	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[27]
1925	Not awarded
1926		Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Denmark	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[28]
1927		Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[29]
1928		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	France	"for his work on typhus"[30]
1929		Christiaan Eijkman	The Netherlands	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[31]
		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[31]
1930		Karl Landsteiner	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[32]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[33]
1932		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[34]
		Edgar Douglas Adrian	United Kingdom
1933		Thomas Hunt Morgan	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[35]
1934		George Hoyt Whipple	United States	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[36]
		George Richards Minot	United States
		William Parry Murphy	United States
1935		Hans Spemann	Germany	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[37]
1936		Sir Henry Hallett Dale	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[38]
		Otto Loewi	Austria
1937		Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	Hungary	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[39]
1938		Corneille Jean François Heymans	Belgium	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[40]
1939		Gerhard Domagk	Germany	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[41]
1940	Not awarded
1941
1942
1943		Carl Peter Henrik Dam	Denmark	"for his discovery of vitamin K"[42]
		Edward Adelbert Doisy	United States	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[42]
1944		Joseph Erlanger	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[43]
		Herbert Spencer Gasser	United States
1945		Sir Alexander Fleming	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[44]
		Ernst Boris Chain	United Kingdom
		Howard Walter Florey	Australia
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[45]
1947		Carl Ferdinand Cori	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[46]
		Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	United States
		Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[46]
1948		Paul Hermann Müller	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[47]
1949		Walter Rudolf Hess	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[48]
		Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz	Portugal	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of lobotomy in certain psychoses"[48]
1950		Philip Showalter Hench	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[49]
		Edward Calvin Kendall	United States
		Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland
1951		Max Theiler	Union of South Africa	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[50]
1952		Selman Abraham Waksman	United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[51]
1953		Hans Adolf Krebs	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[52]
		Fritz Albert Lipmann	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[52]
1954		John Franklin Enders	United States	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[53]
		Frederick Chapman Robbins	United States
		Thomas Huckle Weller	United States
1955		Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	Sweden	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[54]
1956		André Frédéric Cournand	United States	"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[55]
		Werner Forssmann	Federal Republic of Germany
		Dickinson W. Richards	United States
1957		Daniel Bovet	Italy	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[56]
1958		George Wells Beadle	United States	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[57]
		Edward Lawrie Tatum	United States
		Joshua Lederberg	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[57]
1959		Arthur Kornberg	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[58]
		Severo Ochoa	United States
1960		Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	Australia	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[59]
		Peter Brian Medawar	United Kingdom
1961		Georg von Békésy	United States	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[60]
1962		Francis Harry Compton Crick	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[61]
		James Dewey Watson	United States
		Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	New Zealand United Kingdom
1963		Sir John Carew Eccles	Australia	"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[62]
		Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	United Kingdom
		Andrew Fielding Huxley	United Kingdom
1964		Konrad Bloch	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[63]
		Feodor Lynen	Federal Republic of Germany
1965		François Jacob	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[64]
		André Lwoff	France
		Jacques Monod	France
1966		Peyton Rous	United States	"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[65]
		Charles Brenton Huggins	United States	"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[65]
1967		Ragnar Granit	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[66]
		Haldan Keffer Hartline	United States
		George Wald	United States
1968		Robert W. Holley	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[67]
		Har Gobind Khorana	India
		Marshall W. Nirenberg	United States
1969		Max Delbrück	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[68]
		Alfred D. Hershey	United States
		Salvador E. Luria	United States
1970		Julius Axelrod	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[69]
		Ulf von Euler	Sweden
		Sir Bernard Katz	United Kingdom
1971		Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[70]
1972		Gerald M. Edelman	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[71]
		Rodney R. Porter	United Kingdom
1973		Karl von Frisch	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[72]
		Konrad Lorenz	Austria
		Nikolaas Tinbergen	United Kingdom
1974		Albert Claude	Belgium	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[73]
		Christian de Duve	Belgium
		George E. Palade	United States
1975		David Baltimore	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[74]
		Renato Dulbecco	United States
		Howard Martin Temin	United States
1976		Baruch S. Blumberg	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[75]
		D. Carleton Gajdusek	United States
1977		Roger Guillemin	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[76]
		Andrew V. Schally	United States
		Rosalyn Yalow	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[76]
1978		Werner Arber	Switzerland	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[77]
		Daniel Nathans	United States
		Hamilton O. Smith	United States
1979		Allan M. Cormack	United States	"for the development of computer assisted tomography"[78]
		Godfrey N. Hounsfield	United Kingdom
1980		Baruj Benacerraf	United States	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[79]
		Jean Dausset	France
		George D. Snell	United States
1981		Roger W. Sperry	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[80]
		David H. Hubel	United States	"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[80]
		Torsten N. Wiesel	Sweden
1982		Sune K. Bergström	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[81]
		Bengt I. Samuelsson	Sweden
		John R. Vane	United Kingdom
1983		Barbara McClintock	United States	"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[82]
1984		Niels K. Jerne	Denmark	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[83]
		Georges J.F. Köhler	Federal Republic of Germany
		César Milstein	Argentina United Kingdom
1985		Michael S. Brown	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[84]
		Joseph L. Goldstein	United States
1986		Stanley Cohen	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"[85]
		Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy United States
1987		Susumu Tonegawa	Japan	"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[86]
1988		Sir James W. Black	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[87]
		Gertrude B. Elion	United States
		George H. Hitchings	United States
1989		J. Michael Bishop	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[88]
		Harold E. Varmus	United States
1990		Joseph E. Murray	United States	"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[89]
		E. Donnall Thomas	United States
1991		Erwin Neher	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[90]
		Bert Sakmann	Federal Republic of Germany
1992		Edmond H. Fischer	Switzerland United States	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[91]
		Edwin G. Krebs	United States
1993		Richard J. Roberts	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of split genes"[92]
		Phillip A. Sharp	United States
1994		Alfred G. Gilman	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[93]
		Martin Rodbell	United States
1995		Edward B. Lewis	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[94]
		Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Federal Republic of Germany
		Eric F. Wieschaus	United States
1996		Peter C. Doherty	Australia	"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[95]
		Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Switzerland
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner	United States	"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[96]
1998		Robert F. Furchgott	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[97]
		Louis J. Ignarro	United States
		Ferid Murad	United States
1999		Günter Blobel	United States	"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[98]
2000		Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[99]
		Paul Greengard	United States
		Eric R. Kandel	United States
2001		Leland H. Hartwell	United States	"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[100]
		Tim Hunt	United Kingdom
		Sir Paul M. Nurse	United Kingdom
2002		Sydney Brenner	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[101]
		H. Robert Horvitz	United States
		John E. Sulston	United Kingdom
2003		Paul Lauterbur	United States	"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[102]
		Sir Peter Mansfield	United Kingdom
2004		Richard Axel	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[103]
		Linda B. Buck	United States
2005		Barry J. Marshall	Australia	"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[104]
		J. Robin Warren	Australia
2006		Andrew Z. Fire	United States	"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[105]
		Craig C. Mello	United States
2007		Mario R. Capecchi	United States	"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[106]
		Sir Martin J. Evans	United Kingdom
		Oliver Smithies	United States
2008		Harald zur Hausen	Germany	"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"[107]
		Françoise Barré-Sinoussi	France	"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[107]
		Luc Montagnier	France
2009		Elizabeth H. Blackburn	United States Australia	"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[108]
		Carol W. Greider	United States
		Jack W. Szostak	United States United Kingdom

Laureates

Year	Laureate[A]		Country[B]	Rationale[C]
1901		Emil Adolf von Behring	Germany	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[9]
1902		Ronald Ross	United Kingdom	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[10]
1903		Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark	"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[11]
1904		Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	Russia	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[12]
1905		Robert Koch	Germany	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[13]
1906		Camillo Golgi	Italy	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[14]
		Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain
1907		Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	France	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[15]
1908		Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[16]
		Paul Ehrlich	Germany
1909		Emil Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[17]
1910		Albrecht Kossel	Germany	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[18]
1911		Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[19]
1912		Alexis Carrel	France	"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[20]
1913		Charles Richet	France	"[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[21]
1914		Robert Bárány	Austria	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[22]
1915	Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919		Jules Bordet	Belgium	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[23]
1920		Schack August Steenberg Krogh	Denmark	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[24]
1921	Not awarded
1922		Archibald Vivian Hill	United Kingdom	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[25]
		Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[25]
1923		Frederick Grant Banting	Canada	"for the discovery of insulin"[26]
		John James Richard Macleod	Canada
1924		Willem Einthoven	The Netherlands	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[27]
1925	Not awarded
1926		Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Denmark	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[28]
1927		Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[29]
1928		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	France	"for his work on typhus"[30]
1929		Christiaan Eijkman	The Netherlands	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[31]
		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[31]
1930		Karl Landsteiner	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[32]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[33]
1932		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[34]
		Edgar Douglas Adrian	United Kingdom
1933		Thomas Hunt Morgan	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[35]
1934		George Hoyt Whipple	United States	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[36]
		George Richards Minot	United States
		William Parry Murphy	United States
1935		Hans Spemann	Germany	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[37]
1936		Sir Henry Hallett Dale	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[38]
		Otto Loewi	Austria
1937		Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	Hungary	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[39]
1938		Corneille Jean François Heymans	Belgium	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[40]
1939		Gerhard Domagk	Germany	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[41]
1940	Not awarded
1941
1942
1943		Carl Peter Henrik Dam	Denmark	"for his discovery of vitamin K"[42]
		Edward Adelbert Doisy	United States	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[42]
1944		Joseph Erlanger	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[43]
		Herbert Spencer Gasser	United States
1945		Sir Alexander Fleming	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[44]
		Ernst Boris Chain	United Kingdom
		Howard Walter Florey	Australia
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[45]
1947		Carl Ferdinand Cori	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[46]
		Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	United States
		Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[46]
1948		Paul Hermann Müller	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[47]
1949		Walter Rudolf Hess	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[48]
		Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz	Portugal	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of lobotomy in certain psychoses"[48]
1950		Philip Showalter Hench	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[49]
		Edward Calvin Kendall	United States
		Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland
1951		Max Theiler	Union of South Africa	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[50]
1952		Selman Abraham Waksman	United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[51]
1953		Hans Adolf Krebs	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[52]
		Fritz Albert Lipmann	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[52]
1954		John Franklin Enders	United States	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[53]
		Frederick Chapman Robbins	United States
		Thomas Huckle Weller	United States
1955		Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	Sweden	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[54]
1956		André Frédéric Cournand	United States	"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[55]
		Werner Forssmann	Federal Republic of Germany
		Dickinson W. Richards	United States
1957		Daniel Bovet	Italy	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[56]
1958		George Wells Beadle	United States	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[57]
		Edward Lawrie Tatum	United States
		Joshua Lederberg	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[57]
1959		Arthur Kornberg	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[58]
		Severo Ochoa	United States
1960		Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	Australia	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[59]
		Peter Brian Medawar	United Kingdom
1961		Georg von Békésy	United States	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[60]
1962		Francis Harry Compton Crick	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[61]
		James Dewey Watson	United States
		Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	New Zealand United Kingdom
1963		Sir John Carew Eccles	Australia	"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[62]
		Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	United Kingdom
		Andrew Fielding Huxley	United Kingdom
1964		Konrad Bloch	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[63]
		Feodor Lynen	Federal Republic of Germany
1965		François Jacob	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[64]
		André Lwoff	France
		Jacques Monod	France
1966		Peyton Rous	United States	"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[65]
		Charles Brenton Huggins	United States	"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[65]
1967		Ragnar Granit	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[66]
		Haldan Keffer Hartline	United States
		George Wald	United States
1968		Robert W. Holley	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[67]
		Har Gobind Khorana	India
		Marshall W. Nirenberg	United States
1969		Max Delbrück	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[68]
		Alfred D. Hershey	United States
		Salvador E. Luria	United States
1970		Julius Axelrod	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[69]
		Ulf von Euler	Sweden
		Sir Bernard Katz	United Kingdom
1971		Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[70]
1972		Gerald M. Edelman	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[71]
		Rodney R. Porter	United Kingdom
1973		Karl von Frisch	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[72]
		Konrad Lorenz	Austria
		Nikolaas Tinbergen	United Kingdom
1974		Albert Claude	Belgium	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[73]
		Christian de Duve	Belgium
		George E. Palade	United States
1975		David Baltimore	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[74]
		Renato Dulbecco	United States
		Howard Martin Temin	United States
1976		Baruch S. Blumberg	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[75]
		D. Carleton Gajdusek	United States
1977		Roger Guillemin	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[76]
		Andrew V. Schally	United States
		Rosalyn Yalow	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[76]
1978		Werner Arber	Switzerland	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[77]
		Daniel Nathans	United States
		Hamilton O. Smith	United States
1979		Allan M. Cormack	United States	"for the development of computer assisted tomography"[78]
		Godfrey N. Hounsfield	United Kingdom
1980		Baruj Benacerraf	United States	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[79]
		Jean Dausset	France
		George D. Snell	United States
1981		Roger W. Sperry	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[80]
		David H. Hubel	United States	"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[80]
		Torsten N. Wiesel	Sweden
1982		Sune K. Bergström	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[81]
		Bengt I. Samuelsson	Sweden
		John R. Vane	United Kingdom
1983		Barbara McClintock	United States	"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[82]
1984		Niels K. Jerne	Denmark	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[83]
		Georges J.F. Köhler	Federal Republic of Germany
		César Milstein	Argentina United Kingdom
1985		Michael S. Brown	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[84]
		Joseph L. Goldstein	United States
1986		Stanley Cohen	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"[85]
		Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy United States
1987		Susumu Tonegawa	Japan	"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[86]
1988		Sir James W. Black	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[87]
		Gertrude B. Elion	United States
		George H. Hitchings	United States
1989		J. Michael Bishop	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[88]
		Harold E. Varmus	United States
1990		Joseph E. Murray	United States	"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[89]
		E. Donnall Thomas	United States
1991		Erwin Neher	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[90]
		Bert Sakmann	Federal Republic of Germany
1992		Edmond H. Fischer	Switzerland United States	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[91]
		Edwin G. Krebs	United States
1993		Richard J. Roberts	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of split genes"[92]
		Phillip A. Sharp	United States
1994		Alfred G. Gilman	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[93]
		Martin Rodbell	United States
1995		Edward B. Lewis	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[94]
		Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Federal Republic of Germany
		Eric F. Wieschaus	United States
1996		Peter C. Doherty	Australia	"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[95]
		Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Switzerland
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner	United States	"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[96]
1998		Robert F. Furchgott	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[97]
		Louis J. Ignarro	United States
		Ferid Murad	United States
1999		Günter Blobel	United States	"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[98]
2000		Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[99]
		Paul Greengard	United States
		Eric R. Kandel	United States
2001		Leland H. Hartwell	United States	"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[100]
		Tim Hunt	United Kingdom
		Sir Paul M. Nurse	United Kingdom
2002		Sydney Brenner	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[101]
		H. Robert Horvitz	United States
		John E. Sulston	United Kingdom
2003		Paul Lauterbur	United States	"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[102]
		Sir Peter Mansfield	United Kingdom
2004		Richard Axel	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[103]
		Linda B. Buck	United States
2005		Barry J. Marshall	Australia	"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[104]
		J. Robin Warren	Australia
2006		Andrew Z. Fire	United States	"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[105]
		Craig C. Mello	United States
2007		Mario R. Capecchi	United States	"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[106]
		Sir Martin J. Evans	United Kingdom
		Oliver Smithies	United States
2008		Harald zur Hausen	Germany	"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"[107]
		Françoise Barré-Sinoussi	France	"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[107]
		Luc Montagnier	France
2009		Elizabeth H. Blackburn	United States Australia	"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[108]
		Carol W. Greider	United States
		Jack W. Szostak	United States United Kingdom