Laureates
Year | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | the Netherlands | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[9] | |
1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | Germany | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[10] | |
1903 | Svante August Arrhenius | Sweden | "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[11] | |
1904 | Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[12] | |
1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | Germany | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[13] | |
1906 | Henri Moissan | France | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[14] | |
1907 | Eduard Buchner | Germany | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[15] | |
1908 | Ernest Rutherford | United Kingdom New Zealand | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[16] | |
1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | Germany | "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[17] | |
1910 | Otto Wallach | Germany | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[18] | |
1911 | Marie Curie, née Sklodowska | Poland | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[19] | |
1912 | Victor Grignard | France | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[20] | |
Paul Sabatier | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[20] | ||
1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[21] | |
1914 | Theodore William Richards | United States | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[22] | |
1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | Germany | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[23] | |
1916 | Not awarded | |||
1917 | Not awarded | |||
1918 | Fritz Haber | Germany | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[24] | |
1919 | Not awarded | |||
1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany | "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[25] | |
1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[26] | |
1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[27] | |
1923 | Fritz Pregl | Austria | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[28] | |
1924 | Not awarded | |||
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[29] | |
1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems"[30] | |
1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[31] | |
1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[32] | |
1929 | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[33] | |
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Germany | |||
1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[34] | |
1931 | Carl Bosch | Germany | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[35] | |
Friedrich Bergius | Germany | |||
1932 | Irving Langmuir | United States | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[36] | |
1933 | Not awarded | |||
1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[37] | |
1935 | Frédéric Joliot | France | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[38] | |
Irene Joliot-Curie | France | |||
1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | the Netherlands | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[39] | |
1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[40] | |
Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | ||
1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[41] | |
1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Germany | "for his work on sex hormones"[42] | |
Leopold Ruzicka | Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[42] | ||
1940 | Not awarded | |||
1941 | Not awarded | |||
1942 | Not awarded | |||
1943 | George de Hevesy | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[43] | |
1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[44] | |
1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[45] | |
1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[46] | |
John Howard Northrop | United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[47] | ||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | |||
1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[48] | |
1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[49] | |
1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[50] | |
1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[51] | |
Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan | United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[52] | |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States | |||
1952 | Archer John Porter Martin | United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography"[53] | |
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom | |||
1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of Germany | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[54] | |
1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[55] | |
1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[56] | |
1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | United Kingdom | "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[57] | |
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov | USSR | |||
1957 | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[58] | |
1958 | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"[59] | |
1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[60] | |
1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[61] | |
1961 | Melvin Calvin | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[62] | |
1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[63] | |
John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom | |||
1963 | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[64] | |
Giulio Natta | Italy | |||
1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[65] | |
1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[66] | |
1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | United States | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[67] | |
1967 | Manfred Eigen | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[68] | |
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | United Kingdom | |||
George Porter | United Kingdom | |||
1968 | Lars Onsager | United States | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[69] | |
1969 | Derek H. R. Barton | United Kingdom | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[70] | |
Odd Hassel | Norway | |||
1970 | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[71] | |
1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[72] | |
1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[73] | |
Stanford Moore | United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[73] | ||
William H. Stein | United States | |||
1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[74] | |
Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | |||
1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[75] | |
1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[76] | |
Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[76] | ||
1976 | William N. Lipscomb | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[77] | |
1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[78] | |
1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[79] | |
1979 | Herbert C. Brown | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[80] | |
Georg Wittig | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1980 | Paul Berg | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[81] | |
Walter Gilbert | United States | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[81] | ||
Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | |||
1981 | Kenichi Fukui | Japan | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[82] | |
Roald Hoffmann | United States | |||
1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[83] | |
1983 | Henry Taube | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[84] | |
1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[85] | |
1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[86] | |
Jerome Karle | United States | |||
1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach | United States | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[87] | |
Yuan T. Lee | United States | |||
John C. Polanyi | Canada | |||
1987 | Donald J. Cram | United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[88] | |
Jean-Marie Lehn | France | |||
Charles J. Pedersen | United States | |||
1988 | Johann Deisenhofer | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[89] | |
Robert Huber | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
Hartmut Michel | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1989 | Sidney Altman | Canada United States | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[90] | |
Thomas R. Cech | United States | |||
1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[91] | |
1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[92] | |
1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[93] | |
1993 | Kary B. Mullis | United States | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[94] | |
Michael Smith | Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[94] | ||
1994 | George A. Olah | United States | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[95] | |
1995 | Paul J. Crutzen | the Netherlands | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[96] | |
Mario J. Molina | United States | |||
F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | |||
1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes"[97] | |
Sir Harold W. Kroto | United Kingdom | |||
Richard E. Smalley | United States | |||
1997 | Paul D. Boyer | United States | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[98] | |
John E. Walker | United Kingdom | |||
Jens C. Skou | Denmark | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[98] | ||
1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | "for his development of the density-functional theory"[99] | |
John A. Pople | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[99] | ||
1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail | Egypt United States | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[100] | |
2000 | Alan J. Heeger | United States | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[101] | |
Alan G MacDiarmid | United States New Zealand | |||
Hideki Shirakawa | Japan | |||
2001 | William S. Knowles | United States | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[102] | |
Ryoji Noyori | Japan | |||
K. Barry Sharpless | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[103] | ||
2002 | John B. Fenn | United States | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[104] | |
Koichi Tanaka | Japan | |||
Kurt Wüthrich | Switzerland | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[104] | ||
2003 | Peter Agre | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[105] | |
Roderick MacKinnon | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[105] | ||
2004 | Aaron Ciechanover | Israel | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[106] | |
Avram Hershko | Israel | |||
Irwin Rose | United States | |||
2005 | Yves Chauvin | France | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[107] | |
Robert H. Grubbs | United States | |||
Richard R. Schrock | United States | |||
2006 | Roger D. Kornberg | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[108] | |
2007 | Gerhard Ertl | Germany | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[109] | |
2008 | Osamu Shimomura | United States[110] | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[111] | |
Martin Chalfie | United States | |||
Roger Y. Tsien | United States | |||
2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | United Kingdom | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[112] |
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